Atividade in vitro de extratos e frações de Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) contra bactérias de importância clínica em saúde pública / In vitro activity of extracts and fractions of Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) against bacteria of clinical importance in public health / Actividad in vitro de extractos y fracciones de Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) frente a bacterias de importancia clínica en salud pública

Introdução: O aumento contínuo da resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos convencionais é um problema de importância global. Encontrar produtos como alternativas terapêuticas naturais é essencial. As plantas medicinais possuem uma composição química muito rica, que podem ser estruturalmente otimizadas e processadas em novos antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial antibacteriano frente a microrganismos humanos potencialmente patogênicos do extrato etanólico e frações de Copernicia prunifera. Metodologia: A triagem fitoquímica de plantas foi realizada usando métodos de precipitação e coloração e a atividade antibacteriana utilizando o método de difusão em disco e microdiluição em caldo contra cepas padronizadas de Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus. Resultados: A triagem fitoquímica revela a presença de taninos, flavonoides, esteroides, triterpernóides, saponinas e alcaloides. Os extratos etanólico e frações da casca do caule e folhas tiveram atividade inibitória contra S. aureus e K. pneumonie com zona de inibição que variou de 7,0±1,73 a 9,33±0,58 mm pelo método de difusão em disco. Pelo método de microdiluição em caldo os extratos foram satisfatórios somente contra K. pneumoniae (CIM = 125 a 1000 µg/mL) S. aureus, P. aeruginosa e E. coli se mostraram resistentes aos testes (CIM > 1000 µg/mL). Conclusão: Esses resultados fornecem uma base para futuras investigações em modelos in vivo, para que os compostos de C. prunifera possam ser aplicados no desenvolvimento de novos agentes antimicrobianos contra K. pneumoniae.

Introduction: The continuous increase in bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is a problem of global importance. Finding products as natural therapeutic alternatives is essential. Medicinal plants have a very rich chemical composition, which can be structurally optimized and processed into novel antimicrobials. Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial potential against potentially pathogenic human microorganisms of the ethanolic extract and fractions of Copernicia prunifera. Methodology: Phytochemical screening of plants was performed using precipitation and staining methods and antibacterial activity using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution method against standardized strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, triterpernoids, saponins and alkaloids. The ethanolic extracts and fractions of stem bark and leaves had inhibitory activity against S. aureus and K. pneumonie with zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0±1.73 to 9.33±0.58 mm by disc diffusion method. By broth microdilution method the extracts were satisfactory only against K. pneumoniae (MIC = 125 to 1000 µg/mL) S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli were resistant to the tests (MIC > 1000 µg/mL). Conclusion: These results provide a basis for further investigation in in vivo models, so that compounds from C. prunifera can be applied in the development of new antimicrobial agents against K. pneumoniae.

Introducción: El continuo aumento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos convencionales es un problema de importancia mundial. Es esencial encontrar productos como alternativas terapéuticas naturales. Las plantas medicinales tienen una composición química muy rica, que puede optimizarse estructuralmente y transformarse en nuevos antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Evaluar el potencial antibacteriano frente a microorganismos humanos potencialmente patógenos del extracto etanólico y fracciones de Copernicia prunifera. Metodología: Se realizó el cribado fitoquímico de las plantas mediante los métodos de precipitación y tinción y la actividad antibacteriana mediante el método de difusión en disco y microdilución en caldo frente a cepas estandarizadas de Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Staphylococcus aureus. Resultados: El cribado fitoquímico revela la presencia de taninos, flavonoides, esteroides, triterpernoides, saponinas y alcaloides. Los extractos etanólicos y las fracciones de la corteza del tallo y las hojas presentaron actividad inhibitoria contra S. aureus y K. pneumonie con una zona de inhibición que osciló entre 7,0±1,73 y 9,33±0,58 mm por el método de difusión en disco. Por el método de microdilución en caldo, los extractos sólo fueron satisfactorios frente a K. pneumoniae (CMI = 125 a 1000 µg/mL). S. aureus, P. aeruginosa y E. coli fueron resistentes a las pruebas (CMI > 1000 µg/mL). Conclusiones: Estos resultados proporcionan una base para futuras investigaciones en modelos in vivo, de modo que los compuestos de C. prunifera puedan aplicarse en el desarrollo de nuevos agentes antimicrobianos contra K. pneumoniae.

Prevalência de agravos em saúde e fatores associados em profissionais de limpeza pública / Prevalence of health problems and associated factors in public cleaning professionals

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de agravos em saúde e os fatores associados às alterações somatoscópicas, hematológicas, bioquímicas e parasitológicas nos trabalhadores de limpeza pública. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo do tipo descritiva, exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa. Resultados: os dados coletados nessa pesquisa permitem afirmar que a maioria eram do sexo feminino, com idade entre 40 a 59 anos, solteiros, não possuíam hábitos etilistas e tabagista. Não praticavam atividades físicas e consideravam-se estressados. Expunham-se diariamente ao sol e não usavam protetor solar, faziam menos de seis refeições diárias, ingeriam menos de dois litros de agua por dia, se consultavam menos de duas vezes ao ano e não usavam equipamentos de proteção individual, na avaliação somatoscópica, os profissionais de limpeza pública apresentavam peso médio de 70,6 kg e dentição com presença de cáries, dentre os valores hematológicos e bioquímicos apresentaram baixo percentual de Hemácias, Linfocitose e HDL em nível tolerável. Houve prevalência de 33% de infestação parasitária entre os participantes. Conclusão: percebe-se que a saúde do trabalhador deve-se desenvolver por um conjunto de ações de assistência e vigilância, buscando detectar e analisar os fatores determinantes e condicionantes dos agravos relacionados à sua rotina laboral.

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of health problems and the factors associated with somatoscopic, hematological, biochemical and parasitological changes in public cleaning workers. Methodology: This is a descriptive, exploratory field research with a quantitative approach. Results: the data collected in this research allow us to affirm that the majority were female, aged between 40 and 59 years old, single, did not have alcohol and smoking habits. They did not practice physical activities and considered themselves stressed. They exposed themselves daily to the sun and did not use sunscreen, ate less than six meals a day, drank less than two liters of water per day, consulted less than twice a year and did not use personal protective equipment, in the somatoscopic evaluation, public cleaning professionals had an average weight of 70.6 kg and teething with the presence of cavities, among the hematological and biochemical values they presented a low percentage of red blood cells, lymphocytosis and HDL at a tolerable level. There was a 33% prevalence of parasitic infestation among the participants. Conclusion: it is perceived that the worker's health must be developed through a set of assistance and surveillance actions, seeking to detect and analyze the determining and conditioning factors of the injuries related to their work routine.

Ecocardiografia Padrão, com Strain e Strain Rate com Speckle Tracking Bidimensional em Macaco-Capuchinho (Cebus Apella, Linnaeus, 1758) / Standard Echocardiography, Strain and Strain Rate by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking in Capuchin Monkey (Cebus Apella, Linnaeus, 1758)

Introdução: O macaco-capuchinho é uma espécie de primata não humano que demonstra grande potencial para estudos pré-clínicos devido às semelhanças anatômicas e fisiológicas com os seres humanos. Objetivo: Estudar os índices de deformação miocárdica em macacos-capuchinhos anestesiados utilizando speckle tracking. Métodos: Foram utilizados dezesseis animais do Parque Zoobotânico, em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, com restrição química, utilizando uma combinação de cetamina e midazolam. Os estudos ecocardiográficos foram obtidos nos modos B, M e Doppler, medindo-se strain e strain rate através de speckle tracking. Resultados: As variáveis que apresentaram coeficientes de correlação estatisticamente significativos em relação ao peso foram a parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo em diástole (PLVEd), diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo em diástole (DIVEd), diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo em sístole (DIVEs), onda E, A'VD, movimento do anel mitral (MAM) e excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE). A frequência cardíaca (FC) mostrou correlação positiva com a onda E e a onda A e correlação negativa com o tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV). A fração de encurtamento (FS) apresentou correlação positiva com a razão entre as ondas E e A (r = 0,61). TAPSE mostrou correlações positivas com E'VD e A'VD. Os valores obtidos para o strain circunferencial (-18,17 ± 4,68%), radial (47,13 ± 5,24%) e longitudinal (-26,46 ± 5,155%) para os macacos-capuchinhos estavam dentro dos intervalos normais para machos e fêmeas. Conclusão: O presente estudo fornece os primeiros valores de referência para medidas ecocardiográficas em modos B, M e Doppler para macacos-capuchinhos anestesiados com cetamina e midazolam. Os valores de strain e strain rate obtidos utilizando a técnica de speckle tracking mostraram-se semelhantes aos obtidos em seres humanos, sugerindo que esta ferramenta pode ser explorada em estudos pré-clínicos utilizando o modelo do macaco-capuchinho

Introduction: The capuchin monkey is a type of nonhuman primate that has shown great potential for preclinical studies because of its anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. Objective: To study the indices of myocardial deformation in anesthetized capuchin monkeys using speckle tracking. Methods: Sixteen animals from the Zoobotanical Park, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, were used and chemically restrained using a combination of ketamine and midazolam. Echocardiography recordings were obtained in B, M and Doppler modes, and strain and strain rate were measured using speckle tracking. Results: The variables that showed statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight were LVFWd, LVIDd, LVIDs, E wave, A'RV, MAM and TAPSE. HR showed a positive correlation with the E wave and A wave and a negative correlation with IVRT. FS presented a positive correlation with the E/A wave relationship (r = 0.61). TAPSE showed positive correlations with E'RV and A'RV. The values obtained for circumferential (-18.17 ± 4.68%), radial (47.13 ± 5.24%) and longitudinal (- 26.46 ± 5.15%) strain for the capuchin monkeys were within the normal ranges for males and females. Conclusion: The present study provides the first reference values for echocardiographic measurements in B, M and Doppler modes for capuchin monkeys anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam. The strain and strain rate values obtained using speckle tracking showed similarities with those obtained in humans, suggesting that this tool has the potential to be exploited in preclinical studies using the capuchin monkey model

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF BIDIMENSIONAL MODE, M-MODE, AND DOPPLER OF CLINICALLY NORMAL BLACK-RUMPED AGOUTI (DASYPROCTA PRYMNOLOPHA, WAGLER 1831).

The black-rumped agouti ( Dasyprocta prymnolopha , Wagler 1831) is currently under intense ecologic pressure, which has resulted in its disappearance from some regions of Brazil. Echocardiography is widely used in veterinary medicine but it is not yet part of the clinical routine for wild animals. The objective of the present study was to assess the applicability of the echocardiographic exam in nonanesthetized agouti and to establish normal reference values for echocardiographic measurements in bidimensional mode (2D), M-mode, and Doppler for this species, and a lead II electrocardiogram was simultaneously recorded. Twenty agouti were used in this study. All the echocardiographic measurements were positively correlated with weight (P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between sexes (P > 0.05). Blood flow velocities in the pulmonary and aortic artery ranged from 67.32-71.28 cm/sec and 79.22-101.84 cm/sec, respectively. The isovolumic relaxation time was assessed in all the animals and ranged from 38.5 to 56.6 ms. The maximum value for the nonfused E and A waves and the Et and At waves was 158 beats/min for both. The results obtained for the morphologic and heart hemodynamic measurements can guide future studies and help in the clinical management of these animals in captivity.

Prenatal development of the agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831): External features and growth curves.

The gestation period in agoutis can range from 104 to 120 days. Knowledge regarding the morphological characteristics of embryos and fetuses is important as a base for studies in reproduction biotechnology, such as in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer and helps in determining congenital anomalies during the development phase. Thus, given the importance and lack of information about agouti embryology, the objective of this study was to characterize the external morphology and define the biometry of embryos and fetuses, at different days of development. Nine females were submitted to daily colpocytology to identify the estrus, confirm mating and identify day zero of the gestation. When the mating was confirmed they were weighed, underwent abdominal ultrasonography and surgery was conducted on the females at the gestational ages of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75 and 100 days. Sixteen embryos/fetuses were weighed and measured. Agouti embryos at 25 days after mating are "C" shaped, with primitive structures, 0.4±0.01cm crown-rump and weighed 0.06±0.01g; at 30 days after mating the crown-rump was 0.95±0.07cm and weighed 0.28±0.00g; at 35 days after mating the crown-rump was 155±0.07cm and weighed 0.38±0.01g; at 40 days after mating the crown-rump was 2.25±0.21cm and weighed 1.25±0.07g; at 45 days after mating the crown-rump was 3.45±0.35cm and weighed 2.75±0.64g; at 50 days after mating the crown-rump was 5.0±0.3cm and weighed 7.01±2.6g; at 75 days after mating, the skin was dark, the crown-rump was 10.0±0.14cm and weighed 55.2±0.07g. At 100 days after mating, the crown-rump was 13.8±0.49cm and fetuses weighed 136.7±9.40g. Based on the morphological data assessed the embryo and fetus age could be assessed and the size and average weight of agouti embryos was established.